fix: minor stuff

engine/math/Vec3.ts

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ export namespace Vec3 {
 
   export function normalize(v: Vec3): Vec3 {
     const len = length(v)
-    return len === 0 ? v : scale(v, 1 / len)
+    // Fresh zero (not the input alias) to keep the namespace-wide no-aliasing
+    // guarantee even on the degenerate case.
+    return len === 0 ? { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 } : scale(v, 1 / len)
   }
 }

engine/render/Color.ts

@@ -9,8 +9,13 @@ export type Color = number
 export namespace Color {
   export function rgb(r: number, g: number, b: number, a = 255): Color {
     // The shifts coerce the (possibly fractional) inputs to int32 and pack the
-    // channels; `>>> 0` forces an unsigned result so it stays a valid Color.
-    return ((a << 24) | (b << 16) | (g << 8) | r) >>> 0
+    // channels. Left as a *signed* int32 on purpose: an unsigned `>>> 0` would
+    // push opaque colors (alpha 255) past V8's Smi range, so every one would be
+    // heap-boxed -- and the per-pixel sky/raster loops mint millions per frame,
+    // enough to trigger visible GC pauses. Signed keeps them small Smis. Every
+    // consumer extracts channels with `&`/`>>>` and stores through ToUint32, so
+    // the sign is invisible to them.
+    return (a << 24) | (b << 16) | (g << 8) | r
   }
 
   export function r(c: Color): number {
@@ -34,12 +39,16 @@ export namespace Color {
     return rgb(r(c) * s, g(c) * s, b(c) * s, a(c))
   }
 
-  /** Linear blend between two colors, t in 0..1. Used for fog and bilinear. */
+  /** Linear blend between two colors, t in 0..1. Used for fog and bilinear.
+   *  Alpha is interpolated too: bilinear texture sampling relies on it so the
+   *  sprite alpha cutout still sees transparent edges (opaque colors blend to
+   *  opaque, so fog/sky are unaffected). */
   export function lerp(from: Color, to: Color, t: number): Color {
     return rgb(
       r(from) + (r(to) - r(from)) * t,
       g(from) + (g(to) - g(from)) * t,
       b(from) + (b(to) - b(from)) * t,
+      a(from) + (a(to) - a(from)) * t,
     )
   }
 }